IoT Connectivity: What is the Best Option for your Business?
Cellular, NB-IoT, LPWAN, LTE-M or Satellite? Choose the best IoT connectivity option for your devices with this helpful guide
Choosing the right wireless module for your IoT device isn’t just about picking the one with the longest range. Different solutions cater to different needs – some require long-range communication, while others are better suited for short distances or something in between.
If you ask IoT experts which wireless radio standard is best, they’ll almost certainly respond, “It depends.” and they are right. The all-important differences are subtle but vital to understand if you are to make the optimum choice for the job at hand. Each type of wireless device has its strengths and weaknesses, and what works perfectly for one project might be entirely unsuitable for another. For example, a low-power module which may be ideal for a wireless bathroom scale, may be totally unsuitable for streaming live video from a conference room.
As IoT devices and use cases multiply, the lines between connectivity options are blurring, leaving many businesses wondering which standard is best for their needs. In this article, we’ll explore popular connectivity options to help you determine the best choice for your IoT applications.
IoT Wireless Technologies: Understanding the Basics
Before we dive into comparing the different connectivity options, it’s important to understand what IoT wireless connectivity really means. Essentially, IoT wireless connectivity is the way your devices communicate without physical cables. These connections are the backbone of any IoT system, enabling your devices to send and receive data to and from the cloud (and potentially other devices), whether they’re a few feet or miles apart.
Not all wireless connections are created equal. Depending on your specific needs, one type of connectivity is probably more suitable than another. Some are designed for long distances, others for short-range communication, and some strike a balance between the two. Beyond range, there are multiple dimensions, including data rate, memory footprint, power consumption, form factor, and chipset price, all playing against one another.
To make things clearer, here is a chart that compares popular IoT wireless technologies based on key factors like range, data rate and power consumption. This way, you can easily see which option might be the best fit for your project.
Typically, as you move higher up on the chart where data rates increase, you’ll need more power to drive that throughput. So, if your project is power-sensitive, you’ll want to weigh that trade-off carefully.
Short-Range Wireless Technologies: The Close-Range Connectors
When it comes to IoT, wireless connectivity broadly falls into two categories: short-range and long-range. Let’s start by looking at short-range wireless technologies—these are the workhorses for connecting devices that are physically close to each other. They’re commonly used in environments like homes, offices, or specific industrial setups where the devices don’t need to communicate over vast distances. Here are some of the most popular short-range wireless technologies:
- Wi-Fi: Known for providing high-speed internet access, Wi-Fi works well over moderate distances, such as within a home or office. However, its higher power consumption makes it less ideal for battery-operated IoT devices. An extension of Wi-Fi, called Wi-Fi HaLow, offers lower power consumption and extended range, which is perfect for IoT applications.
- Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE): Bluetooth is widely used for short-range connections between devices, like connecting wireless headphones to a smartphone. BLE, a variation of Bluetooth, is optimized for low power consumption and is used in applications where devices need to communicate intermittently, such as fitness trackers or smart home sensors.
- Zigbee and Z-Wave: These two are popular in smart home automation. Zigbee is known for creating mesh networks, which means devices can talk to each other directly. This is great for building a strong, reliable network. Z-Wave, on the other hand, is all about reliability and interoperability, making sure your smart home devices work well together, even if they’re from different brands.
Long-Range Wireless Technologies: Bridging the Distance
When your IoT devices need to cover long distances, long-range wireless technologies come into play. These technologies can keep your devices connected across large areas, such as in a city-wide network or a remote farm. You can either tap into public networks like those operated by carriers such as Verizon and AT&T where all you need is a SIM or eSIM to get started, or you can set up a private network that’s all your own.
For example, on a farm that needs coverage across vast fields, you can install antennas or access points at each kilometer to keep every device connected. On one side, the network could be using LoRa networks to connect to pest-detecting drones, while on the other, it could have a 5G uplink sending data straight to the cloud. This way, you will be covered no matter where your devices are or what they need to communicate.
Let’s break down some of the key long-range options:
Cellular Networks: 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G
Cellular networks are very common in the world of long-range connectivity. Each generation—2G, 3G, 4G, and the latest 5G—offers different benefits and capabilities. Here’s a snapshot of what each brings to the table:
| Considerations for IoT | 2G | 3G | 4G | 5G |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Indoor Coverage |
Medium |
Low |
Medium |
Low |
|
Energy efficiency |
Few days up to max 2 years |
<10 days |
<10 days |
<10 days |
|
Uplink |
50kbps |
1Mbps |
10Mbps |
>300 Mbps |
|
Downlink |
20 to 200kbps |
384kbps to 15Mbps |
15 to 300Mbps |
>300Mbps |
|
Mobility |
Very High |
Very High |
Very High |
Very High |
|
Latency |
500-1000ms |
200ms |
100ms |
1ms |
|
Costs |
Medium |
High |
High |
Very High |
2G
2G set the stage for machine-to-machine (M2M) communication long before the term “IoT” even existed. Today, 2G is still in use for some IoT applications where basic data transfer and broad coverage are sufficient. However, it’s slowly being phased out in many areas as newer, faster technologies become more prevalent.
3G
When 3G came along, it brought notable improvements in speed and reliability over 2G. It provides decent indoor coverage and has been a reliable choice for many IoT applications. However, with the arrival of 4G and 5G, 3G is becoming less prominent. While it still offers acceptable connectivity for certain uses, it lacks the advanced features and higher data rates that newer generations provide.
4G
4G technology brought significant improvements in data rates and latency. It introduced technologies like LTE-M (Long-Term Evolution for Machines) and NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT), which are tailored specifically for IoT. LTE-M supports devices with moderate data needs and provides good mobility, whereas NB-IoT excels in low-power, long-range communication, making it perfect for applications needing extensive coverage and battery efficiency.
5G
5G is the latest and greatest cellular wireless technology. It’s built to handle the high data rates and ultra-low latencies required for next-generation applications such as connected cars, smart cities, and industrial automation. 5G offers blazing speeds and minimal delays; however, it gobbles up your battery. Therefore, it is only suitable for devices like smartphones or tablets that are expected to be recharged frequently. 5G adoption in IoT is still growing, and it’s expected to become more widespread in the coming years for broader IoT applications.
Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN)
LPWANs are great for applications needing extended range and energy efficiency. They fall into two main categories: Unlicensed and Licensed LPWANs.
Unlicensed LPWANs: Sigfox and LoRa
Sigfox
Sigfox is known for its narrowband technology that can cover large areas with just a few antennas. It’s designed for applications where devices need to send small amounts of data infrequently. Think of sensors that only need to report their status once a day or even less often. Sigfox’s low power requirements mean that the connected devices can run for years on a single battery. This makes it ideal for long-term, low-frequency communication without worrying about frequent battery replacements.
LoRa
LoRa provides a bit more flexibility and is perfect for specific regions like cities or campus environments. With LoRa, organizations have the option to set up and manage their own network infrastructure. This ownership allows for customization and scalability according to your needs. LoRa also boasts impressive battery life, and it’s a solid choice for applications that require long-term operation without frequent maintenance.
Unlicensed Spectrum Flexibility
If you’re managing your own LPWAN infrastructure using unlicensed spectrum, like with a private LoRa setup, you have complete control over your network. This flexibility allows you to add base stations as needed to customize coverage according to your specific needs. However, the responsibility for infrastructure costs and maintenance falls squarely on you.
On the other hand, Sigfox is a widely adopted technology that operates on an unlicensed spectrum but is typically offered through commercial networks managed by service providers. These providers handle the network infrastructure and maintenance, so you don’t have to worry about the technical details. The trade-off here is that you depend on the provider’s coverage and network management.
Here’s a quick look at some providers using Sigfox technology:
| Provider | Region |
|---|---|
|
Thinxtra |
Australia, New Zealand |
|
Unabiz |
Singapore, Taiwan |
|
Citymesh |
Belgium |
|
Sigfox Canada |
Canada |
|
0G Networks |
Argentina, Chile |
|
Cognix |
Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama |
For a broader view of where Sigfox technology is available, you can explore their global coverage map.
Licensed Spectrum: NB-IoT and LTE-M
NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT)
NB-IoT is a licensed LPWAN technology that builds on existing 3GPP technologies. It’s designed to offer extensive coverage and long battery life—up to 10 years—with a high device density (up to 50,000 per cell). NB-IoT operates in three modes:
- Stand-alone: Uses a dedicated carrier to maximize coverage.
- Guard band: Utilizes unused resource blocks within an LTE carrier’s guard band, sharing transmission power.
- In-band: Operates within a standard LTE carrier, sharing transmission power with LTE services.
With its narrow bandwidth of 180 kilohertz, NB-IoT efficiently transmits data using either single or multiple frequencies. It’s a solid choice for low-power, wide-area applications needing robust coverage.
LTE-M (LTE Cat M1)
LTE-M, also known as LTE Cat M1, enhances LTE networks to support M2M (machine-to-machine) communications. It offers extended coverage, long battery life (up to 10 years), and variable data rates from 10 kbps to 1 Mbps. LTE-M is easy to deploy because it leverages existing LTE infrastructure. It supports features like positioning, multicasting, and voice-over LTE (VoLTE), making it a versatile choice for various IoT applications.
Summary Table: LPWAN Technologies
| Considerations for IoT | LTE-M | NB-IoT | SigFox | LoRa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Content |
Content |
Content |
Content |
Content |
|
Indoor Coverage |
Medium |
High |
High |
High |
|
Energy efficiency |
10 years |
10 years |
10 - 20 years |
10 - 20 years |
|
Uplink |
1Mbps |
16.9 to 66 kbps |
100 bps |
25 kbps |
|
Downlink |
1 Mbps |
200 kbps |
Limited |
Low |
|
Mobility |
High |
Low |
Low |
Low |
|
Latency |
10-15 ms |
10 s |
> 10 s |
> 10 s |
|
Costs |
Low |
Low |
Very Low |
Low |
Comparing the Use Case of Different Wireless Networks
| IoT Use Case | Wireless Network | Key Considerations |
|---|---|---|
|
Automotive |
Cellular, LTE-M |
High-speed, low-latency communication; mobility; real-time data transmission; extended coverage. |
|
Healthcare |
NB-IoT, LTE-M |
Reliable and secure data transmission; long battery life for wearable devices; real-time monitoring capabilities. |
|
Manufacturing |
LoRa, SigFox |
Long-range connectivity; low power consumption; cost-effective for large-scale deployments. |
|
Security |
WiFi, Cellular |
High-speed data transfer; reliability; independent connectivity in remote or challenging locations. |
|
POS |
Cellular, LTE-M |
Reliable and secure connectivity; support for mobile and fixed POS systems; long battery life. |
|
Smart Cities |
LoRa, NB-IoT |
Extensive coverage; low power consumption; support for numerous sensors and devices; reliable connectivity. |
|
Smart Metering |
LoRa, SigFox, NB-IoT |
Long-range and low-power communication; efficient for transmitting meter data; reliable coverage. |
Safeguarding Your IoT Network: What You Need to Know
When you’re building an IoT system, security isn’t just a box to check—it’s a foundational aspect that can make or break your project. With devices scattered across various locations and constantly communicating over the air, your IoT network is an appealing target for cyber threats.
But here’s the good news: securing your IoT network doesn’t have to be an overwhelming task. The key is to think of security as an ongoing process, starting from the very moment you select your connectivity standard.
Best Practices to Follow
To ensure your IoT network is as secure as possible, consider the following practices:
- Choose the Right Connectivity Standard: Select a connectivity option that aligns with your security needs. If your devices handle sensitive data, prioritize technologies that offer robust security features out of the box.
- Implement Strong Authentication: Ensure that every device connecting to your network is authenticated. This can prevent unauthorized devices from gaining access.
- Regular Updates and Monitoring: Keep your devices and network updated with the latest security patches and continuously monitor your network so you can detect and respond to potential threats in real time.
IoT Connectivity Future Trends
Sunset of 4G
As the industry gears up for the next wave of wireless technology, there’s ongoing speculation about the future of 4G. Despite the buzz around 5G and its advancements, 4G is not disappearing anytime soon. Historically, each new generation of wireless technology rolls out approximately every decade. For example, 4G started making waves around 2010-2011, and 5G began its rollout around 2019-2020.
The transition from 4G to 5G is expected to be more gradual compared to previous shifts from 2G or 3G to 4G. This is primarily because both 4G and 5G are IP-based technologies, which makes the adaptation of frequencies smoother. Consequently, 4G will continue to coexist with 5G for an extended period—potentially into the 2030s. While some operators might start considering the phase-out of 4G by then, it remains an integral part of the connectivity landscape for now.
Looking Ahead to 6G
The conversation around 6G is gaining momentum, although we’re still in the nascent stages of its development. The standardization of 6G is currently underway, with the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) working diligently to define the standards. We anticipate that this process will wrap up in the next five to six years, with actual deployment projected around 2030.
Similar to the transition from 4G to 5G, the shift to 6G is likely to be evolutionary rather than revolutionary. The business cycle for these technologies spans about a decade, so just as 2G and 3G remained in use for around 20 years, 4G and 5G are expected to have long lifespans as well. While 6G is on the horizon, there’s ample time before it becomes a staple of the IoT connectivity landscape.
Choosing the Right Connectivity Standard for Your IoT Solution
So, what’s the best IoT connectivity technology for your specific use case? The answer isn’t straightforward, as it involves a careful analysis of your needs and understanding the strengths and limitations of various technologies.
For IoT developers, the key is to align the chosen connectivity standard with the unique requirements of the environment, device capabilities, and user expectations. For users of the product, the focus should be on evaluating how well the solution fits within the specific setting where it will be deployed.
As you explore how different technologies stack up, it’s also worth considering how advances in AI can elevate your IoT projects to new heights. If you’re looking to integrate cutting-edge AI features into your IoT devices, check out Model Nova from EmbedUR.
Model Nova offers a curated collection of pre-trained AI models, optimized to run smoothly on various IoT devices. This allows you to quickly test, validate, and deploy AI models on your IoT devices without the need for extensive porting efforts. With Model Nova, you can significantly speed up your development cycle and achieve a proof of concept in just 7 days.
If you have questions or need further assistance, please reach out to us. We’re here to help you navigate the complexities of IoT technology and find the best solutions for your needs.
